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Wie werden Handziegel gemacht? Ziegelschlagen im Holzmodel .

Links: englische Ziegelarbeiter mit Holzmodeln (19. Jahrhundert). Dazu ein Video vom Tag des Denkmals 2009 in Mauerbach bei Wien.

Shibam im Wadi Hadramaut mit bis zu eight-story buildings (UNESCO World Cultural Heritage). Houses of sun-dried mud bricks.

is much older tradition of manufacturing of air-dried mud bricks. The following example shows how still the air dried mud bricks for the famous clay towers in Yemen are made with simple means. This simply requires a relatively breeige Lehmmasse mixed with straw and then piled on the floor. The brick size is determined by two-piece flat frame that is transferred to the smoothing of the brick mass to receive the next brick pair. Such scenes to photograph or film in Yemen is usually after a short time by the workers with reluctance to acknowledge the aggressiveness. This is understandable, since these workers are brick-like even some Kalkschläger in Yemen to the lowest social strata. This is particularly aware of them against the "super rich" tourists.



Other videos that deal with the production of air-dried mud bricks:

Morocco from the text accompanying the video: centuries, people have their houses in Morocco built of clay. For the hot desert climate is an ideal building material, in the summer cool, warm in winter. But the clay give way to more. The bricks produce takes a long time. Until they are dry, it takes up to two weeks. For too long, rapidly to the challenges facing the country made.The population grows. There is a lack of housing. Thus, all raised on the outskirts of cities tower blocks of concrete. This isolate much worse and so they have to be expensive cooled or heated. Only in a few rural communities seek nor the last craftsman to save their ancient architecture over time

Sudan from the text accompanying the video: clay bricks for Discover Sudan Bonn 2007 - We make adobe bricks. Don Bosco for her campaign Discover Sudan and show how people live in southern Sudan.
Germany : Damian Anba General Bishop of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Germany reported the production of clay bricks for the restoration of the German Koptenkloster Brenkhausen.

the terminology ( Wikipedia etc.):

The brick is the oldest artificial device, he is fired from clay-loam.


The term "brick Is widespread, but so far amateurish as the natural product stone (natural stone), whereas the brick is a man-made building materials.


The brick , properly considered a brick (from the Latin "Tegula" 'tile': of "tegere" ['cover']) refers, is colloquially known as bricks. It is a ceramic material of the heavy clay and is used in construction. The term brick itself is preferred for the medieval buildings and is used mainly in the southern German and Swiss territory.

A adobe ( Adobe ) Is an unfired brick made of artificial clay that is used in the clay. A variation of the pure clay bricks is due to its lower weight and higher stability of the air-dried mud bricks with fillers such as sand, straw or animal manure (camel, cattle). The first bricks (mud bricks) were hand-formed and therefore irregular in shape. Brick with smooth coated form are around since 6300 BC from Mesopotamia known. This was 5900-5300 BC, developed the use of stencils. Between 3100-2900 BC the first time fired clay brick form was used extensively.

the adobe defined until 1971, DIN 1951 Generic term for Lehmquader, Lehmbatzen or green parts.

Lehmquader are made of slightly moist, lean (silkatarmen) clay. The clay is in forms (DIN) with dimensions of 12x25x38 cm crushed and then air-dried. Due to their high weight of about 20 kilos, they are difficult to stonewalling.

Lehmbatzen be a moist, medium-fat clay mixtures made of fibrous aggregates are attached. Here, a "lump" of clay is thrown into the wooden form.

green bodies are made of fat, which is "blue" so much clay, clay, industrial produced. Green parts are still unfired bricks in the brick factory as they are so like adobes mainly of clay and sand.

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A Parsee pottery workshop in Jodhpur

In a Parsendorf near Jodhpur (Rajasthan, India) is a special type of wheel is used. This "needle bearing" potter's wheels were already in use in Mesopotamia 4000 years BC. Similar pottery wheels were also found in Japan.

is original to point out a thesis: "


" The material for pottery wheels from later centuries varies by stone on wood, clay and clay to composite materials. Of found in India remains a great potter's wheel was reconstructed, the image is in [drawing links] shown. The ring-shaped flywheel consists of clay, in the tangential direction are placed in bamboo rings. In addition, the inertia of wooden spokes is connected to the axle. This construction is in terms of today's fiber composite flywheels almost visionary.

In September 2008 I was about half an hour's drive away from Jodhpur in a Parsendorf presented a variant of this potter's wheel in stone:

The design of the wheel is relatively simple:

• 
  
  A relatively heavy stone disc, which is hollowed out below, so that the bulk of the disc at the periphery of the disk is concentrated. Maybe the disc is also made of concrete?
  
  
  
• 
  
  takes a small slice as a support in the middle of a cone-shaped Dorn als "Nadellager" auf. Wie das Bild links zeigt, scheint man für den Lagerdorn die verschiedensten Materialien adaptiert zu haben. Hier dürfte es sich um ein ausgedientes Getrieberitzel (?) handeln.
  
  
  

Authentischer sieht dieser Doppelkegel als Nadellager aus. Er besteht aus Stein.

Die Gebrauchskeramin (Töpfe und Wasserbehälter) werden im Hof gelagert. Bemerkenswert ist die Art, wie diese Parsen, die ehemals aus Persien kamen und in Indien seßhaft wurden, ihre Nebengebäude gestalten. Die kleine Hütte besteht einerseits from vertically placed stone slabs, the other, of mud walls, in the water jars (? faulty media?) are installed. The roof is made of straw.

relatively "modern" seems the kiln.

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Malta - ancient salt pans?

thoughts and questions on the salt-pans in Malta.

you think of ancient monuments in Malta, or Gozzo, which directly invade the megalithic temples - and later perhaps the catacombs. And of course not the mysterious "Clapham Junction", also known missing as Misraћ Gћar il-Kbir Cart Ruts or not. The theories, hypotheses, conjectures and speculations, which have grown up around these buildings and archaeological monuments, such as proliferation, it can easily compete with the mental bruising around the pharaoh time cult buildings.

But if you stroll along the beach of St. Paul's Bay (San Pawl il-Bahar) in the northwest of the island of Malta with the districts Qawra, of Salina Bay and Buġibba "watchful eye" which is given a series of artificial stone troughs and basins stand out. In the usual tourist guides is usually that this is salt pans. And some even want to know dass sie bis auf die Römerzeit zurück reichen. Insbesondere in der Salina Bay, die von diesen Becken für die Salzgewinnung aus dem Meerwasser ihren Namen hat, soll man noch jeden Spätsommer die Salzernte miterleben können. Nun, ich war im Februar 2006 dort und wäre wegen der sintflutartigen Dauerregenfälle fast in meinem Zimmer ertrunken, kann das also nicht nachvollziehen.

Zweifellos erinnern einige dieser Anlagen an kleine Salzpfannen von rechteckiger oder quadratischer Form. Andere allerdings weichen davon völlig ab und schließlich finden sich mitten in diesen Anlagen oft metertiefe Becken, die kaum für eine Salzgewinnungsanlage nach dem Verdunstungsverfahren geeignet sind. Die rasche Erklärung: “Salzbecken, Salt pan, etc. proving "to be specious. And the dating? A decade ago a retired Maltese, who made the Wignacourt Tower kindly did the Baedeker, to report only that "they" (that he and his companions) than children bathed in this pool would have.

would now but me cares about, whether on this - completely different from the beach cliffs carved - Cymbals not yet know anyone closer. So in some copies to remarks follow:

The "first Typus ”: quadratische bzw. rechteckige flache Pfannen, die durch schmale Felsstege getrennt sind. In diesen Stegen verlaufen Nuten oder Kanäle, die mit den Becken kommunizieren. So stelle ich mir noch am ehesten Salzpfannen vor, in welchen das Meerwasser durch Wind und Sonne allmählich auskristallisiert. Überschüssiges Wasser kann teilweise durch die Kanäle abgeleitet werden.

Einige dieser Kanäle scheinen mir allerdings für das Niveau des Beckens zu hoch zu liegen, um mit dem Becken zu kommunizieren. Außerdem sind sie viel breiter und erinnern eher an Steinfalze in welche senkrechte Platten als Begrenzung eingesetzt werden können. So etwas findet man allenthalben bei Brunnenbecken, welche aus Steinplatten are formed.

The "second type ": Only a few meters from this rectangular basin begins a series of round and partially full circular depressions, which sometimes small" accompanied post-holes. " The pools are not like the large square in nearly a plane, but follow the more or less humped profile of the natural rock bottom. Whether originally all pools were closed circular and only by the action of the sea "eaten" or seaward were combined with each other, I can not . Say

What is remarkable, however: the lap pool at the edges are jagged, as if someone had herumgenagt with teeth here. (To see better on the larger images you receive by clicking the thumbnails). These "teeth marks" also run in a straight line between the basins, where the parent rock is blown up. It is, therefore, so-called wedge sockets (wedge bags, wedge boxes, etc.). These come from splitting wedges, that one worked out on the one hand, the circular basin by avulsion from the natural beach rock, on the other hand, tried one obvious places to divide the whole rock into blocks. (See more on this quarry equipment: Malta - quarry tools ). The top view of the wedge boxes (third image detail) the way shows typical traces of fire (red color). If the round pool that is also salt pans, or they served a different purpose? Such relatively small-scale circular depressions, one finds sometimes in the abandoned historic millstone quarries where the stone disks were also obtained by Abkeilen and pry from the soil. This breaks the stone around, the keys must be set very closely rifles. Otherwise break the stone along the natural stratification, so straight. The straight series of wedge pockets between the basins rather suggest a smooth removal of the quarry cliffs. If so, we would have to distinguish here two different things: salt pans and a (Mühl-?) Quarry.

On the way from Salina Bay to Wignacourt Tower begins a series of deep pools.

The "third Type ": Here are several meters deep in the rocks and into the sea driven rectangular basins that have a small entrance to the sea. Are you in part by relatively small channels connected, which locking devices or something similar. The basin is also accessible via a stone stairway hewn from the rock. At the basin margins are numerous round or rectangular "post holes, and part of the arc extending Steinfalze or shallow channels.

The channels are both herausgeschrämmt roughly, on the other hand, they act like smooth ground or worked deliberately and carefully. On closer inspection (preview click on photo) is a new machining technology: the edges (3rd thumbnail) adorn close positioning of the small circular depressions. This "näpfchenartigen" wells could come from a hand held drill. For a machine-drilling rig, as used in modern quarries for the separation of blocks, they are too irregular. Occasionally there are also the aforementioned circular pans of the type of second

The edges and corners of individual basins often look very washed out and eroded, which may be close but at an older age. The walls of the pool shown here are by the way geschrämmt. Note the location of the seaward approaches. You could in fact be below the waterline at high tide, which I have not checked, however. The offshore section of the pool wall is in most cases by the sea (or WW2?) Destroyed.

on the promontory at the Wignacourt Tower encounter a real lunar landscape of shallow circular basin, similar to the type 2

The "fourth type ": like the first type 2, on closer inspection, one recognizes, however, that in fact, not like the type of pans 2 and that most but rather to relatively coarse-chopped around wells. They are on completely different levels and often seem to overlap each other. Again, the idea that they are salt pans, do not fully understand.

The problem of the function of the quite different ground monuments and their dating would not be solved.

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Malta - quarry tools

tools for stone processing
In the information center of the "Limestone Heritage Center" are issued numerous tools and labeled in English and Maltese. They found up to the closure of the limestone quarry use.

tools Separation of the blocks in the quarry

Set of trenching Pickaxes (Sett Rqaqen Tat Trinka)
Various forms of Schrämmhacken. The stems
often have a considerable length. They
be worked out particularly deep Schrämmkanäle


Trenching Spade (Mgnazqa Tat Trinka)

Mason's Jib (Grabja) - crowbar to lever it off
of the split ingots in the quarry. Prior
various tools:
Flexible Saw (Gbbiesa, band saw) and
Stone Cutter's small hatchet (Mterqa Tal Ingulmar)


Darstellung des Abhebelns der Rohblöcke aus dem
Muttergestein im Freilichtmuseum

Werkzeuge zum Spalten

Chisels for separating stone slabs (Skripel Tal-Frieq)
Der Stein wird entlang der gewünschten Spaltzone
vorgeritzt (Sollbruchstelle) oder mit einer Keilnut versehen
und durch Eintreiben der Keile gespalten.

Teilen von Rohblöcken

In den Stein werden Keiltaschen (Keilbuchsen) eingeschlagen.
Zur besseren Druckverteilung Metal plates are inserted
and the chisel is driven wedges evenly.

Iron Wedges (Spnajjar) wedges and Iron Plates (Capep) iron plates.

Flexible Saw (Gbbieqa), band saw with two handles.
For certain tasks are also used stone saws

Stonecutter's Saw. A kind of Foxtail saw,
but which has at both ends of a metal ring as a handle.
(In the background: the left stone slicer,
marking device to the right of the blocks).

blow tools for processing the raw blocks

Links: Mace (Mazza). Serves both as a heavy hammer for driving wedges
of the stone division, as well as for rough dressing of stone.
Middle: Stone Cutter's double hatchet (Mterqa Taz Zweg or Mterqa Valley Frieq). A kind of blunt
Doppelbeil. Right: surface treatment (reconstruction).

Stone Cutter's edged hatchet (Mterqa Tax XFAR). A Doppelbeil with serrated edge. This tool will blow by German Stonemasons as a double-double tooth or tooth surface stone hoe (southern Germany, Austria).

The two-handed blow tool is suitable because of the serrated edge for soft rocks. It is used for the rapid execution planar surfaces and in Europe as early as the end of the 12th Century in use.
A variant of the blow molds with serrated edge is the so-called Peckhammer. This is the cutting edge is not perpendicular to the handle, but right, similar to an adze.

models with a smooth edge are referred to as dual-layer (stone hoe). This "geflächte (also called 'braids') blocks are found already in Roman Structures (from the 12th century).

Hard Stone Pickaxe (Baqqum Valley Qawwi) is
exhibited in the form of a combination
a pickaxe with a dechselartigen counterpart. As pointed
double or twin pick it
- in addition to the pointed iron and chisels - one of the oldest bat
tools for stone processing


Various blow tools. For example: left, a pointed face, which represents the
combination of picks and stone hoe a kind of universal tool for processing a stone

set of tools of the stonemasons:
stone planes, solder, tools for marking the stones,
bevel to transfer measurements and
smaller tools (sculptor molds).